The Countries that released San Martín Are Argentina, Chile and Peru, but also played a decisive role in the independence of Bolivia because it was part of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, which later became Argentina.
José de San Martín is considered one of the liberators of the American continent, along with the Venezuelan Simon Bolivar .
San Martin, born in Yapeyú, Corrientes, in present-day Argentina on February 25, 1778, was a general who by his military actions ended up being the father of the mother country of South America.
San Martin, at the beginning of his military career, traveled to Spain and fought for the royal army. However, over the years he joined the Lodge Lautaro and his return to the American continent, in 1812 as a lieutenant colonel, began to serve the United Provinces of the River Plate.
In the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata in 1810 and following the military defeat of Ferdinand VII in Spain, a meeting had been formed in Buenos Aires that made the United Provinces independent of the Rio de la Plata but continued to recognize Fernando VII as king. San Martin joined its troops and began to consolidate the independence of the region.
San Martin's approach to the vision of regional emancipation was that there could be no Spanish residue left on the continent where the royalist forces could regroup.
For that reason, after completing the process in the south, it moved to Peru, where it forced a pro-independence process that would last for many years and culminate Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre .
After the interview of Guayaquil that realized with Bolivar, San Martin decides to retire of the fight for American independence and goes to France, where it died the 17 of August of 1850 at the age of 72 years.
The countries that José San Martín released
Argentina
The native country of Jose de San Martin was in one of those that more participated the general to be able to work its independence.
At present, in Argentina, General Jose de San Martin is considered the father of the country and receives all the honors inherent to the title of Liberator.
Combat of San Lorenzo
One of the first actions in favor of the independence that San Martin did in Argentina was the overthrow of the First Triumvirate of Government in 1812, considering it little decided with the independence cause.
The first battles of the general took place in San Lorenzo, in the present province of Santa Fe, where the independentistas had a decisive victory that impelled them to continue towards the East.
José de San Martín, with the passage of time would understand that the fight was at the regional level, so he moved to Upper Peru where he did not get the desired results.
For that reason he returned to Tucumán. Later it began to devise the Army of the Andes, that would take it to Chile.
Bolivia
Bolivia is one of the countries with the most recent independence of the American continent. At first, this region was denominated Alto Peru and belonged to the Viceroyalty of the Silver.
With the constitution of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, the provinces of Upper Peru requested their incorporation to the Viceroyalty of Peru to remain under Spanish rule, despite pre-independence movements that arose.
José de San Martín was one of the heads of the Army of the North, along with Manuel Belgrano. This army arrived to the cities of Cochabamba and other nearby and its objective was to arrive at Lima through this way; But the attempt hardened.
Chile
Although Bernardo O'Higgins is considered the father of the Chilean homeland, the independence of this southern country would not have been possible without José de San Martín.
When checking San Martin that for the stability of the independence of the American nations was necessary the expulsion of the Spaniards from the continent, it was decided to form the Army of the Andes to liberate Chile.
This army carried out one of the most important exploits of the American independence proclamations, which was the Cross of the Andes, which crossed the Andean cordillera that divides Argentina and Chile.
San Martín managed to unify the Chilean forces and finally the battle of Chacabuco took place, in 1816, that would endow granting the sovereignty to him to the Army of the Andes.
It was proposed that San Martin take the position of dictator of Chile, but this one rejected it so that it was not thought that the United Provinces of the River of the Silver exerted influence on Chile. O'Higgins was named with the blessing of San Martin.
Peru
The work of expulsion of the Spaniards from the continent after the liberation of Chile had not culminated.
Peru had become the great realist island in America, because Bolivar had concretized the independence of Venezuela, New Granada and Quito in a state called Colombia.
For this reason, José de San Martín decided to leave for Peru. Disembarked on the beach of Paracas in 1820.
Later it went to Pisco, where it would install its quarter and would design the first Peruvian flag and shield. Symbolically, it proclaimed the independence of Peru in Huarura and quickly obtained the adhesion of the north of the country.
In 1821 the viceroy left Lima and San Martin entered the capital triumphantly. Three years later the act of Independence was signed.
San Martin became the Protector of Peru and convened a constituent congress. Nevertheless, the realistic threat continued, seeing in numerical inferiority to finish it.
Interview of Guayaquil
That is why, on July 26, 1822, San Martín met Bolivar in the famous Guayaquil Interview, where it is presumed that they discussed the annexation of the province of Guayaquil to the Republic of Colombia, promoted by Bolivar, with which San Martin was against.
In addition, it is also presumed that San Martin explained his reasons for wanting to establish a monarchy with a European prince in Peru, while Bolivar defended the republic.
The meeting ended San Martin's decision to withdraw from the conflict by handing it over to Bolivar and leaving for Europe, where he would die many years later.
References
- Galasso, N. (2011). History of Argentina 1. Colihue Editions: Argentina.
- Great Encyclopedia Espasa (2005). San Martín, José de. Great Encyclopedia Espasa. Colombia: Espasa.
- Lynch, J. (1973). The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826. Norton.
- Moreno, J. (August 25, 2013). The summit that defined America. The Reporter of History. Recovered from reporterodelahistoria.com.
- Ramos, J. (2006). Revolution and counterrevolution in Argentina. Honorable Senate of the Nation: Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Yépez, A. (2009). History of Venezuela 1. Caracas, Venezuela: Larense.
- Yépez, A. (2011). Universal history. Caracas, Venezuela: Larense.