Paraphrasis types can be classified into automatic and constructive. The term paraphrase Comes from two Greek words: παρά ( for ), Prefix meaning"next to"or"next to"and φρασις ( Phrasis ), Which means"verbal construction, expression or speech".
The paraphrase is a parallel verbal construction of a previous text, constituting an imitation of the original text. In other words, it is the rewriting of a text, maintaining the essential meaning of this but using different words.
It resembles the abstract by the fact that it is a text based on a previous one and differs from it in terms of its extension, since the paraphrase is much longer than the abstract.
The purpose of this resource is to facilitate the understanding of the text, presenting it in simpler words. In addition to this, paraphrase is used to synthesize the information presented by a source. This is why paraphrase is often used as a study technique.
There are two types of paraphrases: mechanical and constructive. The mechanical paraphrase is characterized by the re-writing of the text through synonyms.
For its part, the constructive paraphrase is characterized by the reconstruction of the text from structures that separate from the original text and yet maintain meaning.
1- Automatic Paraphrase
The mechanical paraphrase is that which is effected by substituting the words of a text for others that are synonymous to it. It is called automatic because it does not imply a reflection on the part of the one who rewrites the text, but is done in an unthinking and mechanical way.
2- Constructive Paraphrase
The constructive paraphrase is that which takes place when the linguistic form with which the original language was expressed is completely reconstructed.
This means that the constructive paraphrase is not limited to substituting a few words for other synonyms but restructures the message using new phrases that are not present in the original text but which account for the message it intends to convey.
As a study technique, the constructive paraphrase usually has better effects than the automatic paraphrase, since it guarantees the comprehension of the text, since only the meaning can be reconstructed if it has been understood.
Examples of paraphrase types
Example # 1
Original text:
" A highly specialized concept takes shape in a polysemic word of the general language. At present, there is accelerated accelerated growth in the formation of terms through different linguistic creation processes such as homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, metaphor and metonymy. For example, the use of"window","net","mouse","virus"and"portal"is the result of a metaphorical process; However, their use is so ingrained that they are no longer part of the language of specialty but of the general language ".
"The evolution of specialty languages"by Juan Carlos Sager, 2007.
Automatic Paraphrase:
A specialized concept Is materialized in a finished Of the general language With multiple meanings . In our days, we experience Accelerated growth in the Creation of new words through Various Linguistic creation processes such as homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, metaphor and metonymy.
For example, him Use of terms "Window","net","mouse","virus"and"portal"is the result of Metaphorical constructions ; However, their Employment is so common Which are no longer part of the Specialized language But the General language ".
Constructive Paraphrase:
With respect to linguistic diversification, Sager argues that often the terms that arise in specialized language are standardized and become part of the general language.
For example, the terms"window","net","mouse","virus"and"portal"emerged in the language of specialty thanks to the process of linguistic creation known as metaphor but its use has spread so much that now Of the general language.
Example # 2
Original text:
" Placement. The term is quite recent: it was introduced in Spanish by Seco in 1978 and began to stabilize in the early nineties. In its generic use (Firth 1957, Halliday 1966, Sinclair 1966) lexical placement encompasses all the frequent combinations of lexical units, but in their more restricted use they are about combinations characteristic of two lexemes between which there is some affinity. Like the locutions, they are prefabricated pieces and, therefore, shared by a whole community of speakers.
The differences lie in the fact that, in the case of locutions (like squeezing the package), the components of placements (such as transplanting an organ) have (1) a typical relationship ("transplanting"selects"organ"and vice versa) A smaller degree of fixation (certain transformations, substitutions and / or additions are possible), and have (3) a literal meaning only and (4) relatively transparent ".
"Lexical Locations: Tracks and Traps"by Moreno and Buyese.
Automatic Paraphrase:
Placement. The term is relatively Recent: was used in Spanish for the first time By Seco in 1978 and Its use spread In the early nineties. In its generic use (Firth 1957, Halliday 1966, Sinclair 1966) the lexical placement Meets All the frequent combinations of Lexemes , But in its more restricted use consists in Characteristic combinations of two Lexical units between the That there is some affinity. As The locutions, are prefabricated pieces for what they are Shared by an entire community linguistics .
The differences lie in the fact that, compared to the locutions (such as draining the package), the components of placements (such as transplanting an organ) They have (1) a typical relationship ("transplant" Requires "Organ"and vice versa), (2) a lower degree of fixation (certain transformations, substitutions and / or additions are possible), and (3) have only a literal and (4) relatively transparent meaning.
Constructive Paraphrase:
The term"placement"is of recent origin: it was first used in 1978 by the linguist Manuel Seco and since then its use has been extended.
In its broadest sense, placement encompasses any frequent combination of terms, whereas in the more specific sense of the word placement is the combination of two or more terms among which there is affinity.
They resemble the locutions for their quality of prefabricated. For their part, they differ from these because they are typical relationships, because they are not so fixed and have a literal and transparent meaning.
References
- Paraphase. Retrieved July 10, 2017, from dictionary.com
- What is Paraphrasing? Retrieved on July 10, 2017, from study.com
- Paraphrase. Retrieved on July 10, 2017, from wikipedia.org
- Paraphrase. Retrieved on July 10, 2017, from dictionary.cambridge.org
- Examples of Paraphrasing. Retrieved on July 10, 2017, from examples.yourdictionary.com
- Paraphrase. Retrieved on July 10, 2017, from merriam-webster.com
- Paraphrasing: What is paraphrasing? Retrieved on July 10, 2017, from lo.unisa.edu.au
- What is a paraphrase? Retrieved on July 10, 2017, from mitpressjournals.org