The different Types of strength in physical education Are: static, dynamic, maximum, explosive, resistance, relative and absolute.
This classification focuses on 4 main aspects: its manifestation, the class of muscle contraction , The acceleration generated and the resistance to overcome with a specific speed. Similarly, these categories are often simplified to include concepts that have a cross-sectional presence in each of the definitions.
In reference to a physiological context, the force is a fundamental muscular capacity that allows the body to overcome a resistance by the contraction of the muscles.
Further, in attempting to move, lift, hold or dampen an object, attempts are being made to counteract conditions such as weight, gravity or fixed and movable structures before which opposition is made.
Strength is necessary for human beings to perform various tasks related to the environment, starting with development and adaptation.
It is also crucial for certain professional activities and, in particular, for the practice of sports. This particular characteristic will determine to a greater or lesser degree the levels of performance required.
The manifestations of strength depend on different factors such as: age, sex, body temperature, level of preparation, state of fatigue or types of muscle fibers.
Other mechanical aspects are: muscle length, muscle cross section, lever type, intramuscular and intermuscular coordination and type of muscle contraction.
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Types of Strength in Physical Education
1- Static force
As a result of an isometric contraction, an increase in the tension of the contracting elements is created without there being a variation of length in the muscular structure.
There is a static voltage that does not generate a physical movement because the result of the force and the displacement is equal to zero. This allows you to maintain a certain exercise posture.
Consequently, the generated internal stress and the external resistance are counteracted because they have the same magnitude, avoiding a voluntary mobilization of the mass.
This type of manifestation must be handled with great care during the practice in view of the cardiovascular repercussions that can occur when the maximum effort is made.
Based on the above, this training method has the usual isometric exercises, designed to work the maximum force.
Since the loads used involve boundary weights, they require a refined technique to avoid joint or muscle injuries. If well executed, they produce great muscle hypertrophy . This means that it increases muscle mass, but not strength.
2- Dynamic force
Unlike the above, in this case an isotonic or anisometric contraction occurs which results in an increase in the tension of the muscles and a displacement of the muscular structure.
The movement generated may be a shortening that causes the concentric dynamic force and in which the internal stress overcomes the external resistance.
On the other hand, the movement may represent an elongation of the muscular fibers, generating the eccentric dynamic force, in which the external resistance to overcome exceeds the internal effort produced.
Also, it refers to the ability of the body to generate tension for a prolonged period to counteract non-maximum resistances.
In relation to training, eccentric contractions facilitate the mobilization of great intensities using less energy, despite being associated with late muscle pain.
Some researchers point out that this type of training increases strength in muscles and tendons and can be combined with elastic exercises to improve rehabilitation methods.
When a contraction movement is made in real time, a modification occurs in the length of the muscle and in the tension in which the isotonic and isometric contractions are combined, which gives rise to an auxotonic operation.
Other authors have also mentioned the possibility of carrying out what has been termed as isokinetic contractions.
The above is achieved using Dynamometers Electromechanical to prolong the consistency of muscle contraction velocity during exercise, regardless of the applied force intensity.
This type of training is having important implications for explosive strength and for the application of rehabilitation therapies.
On the other hand, it is important to consider the type of interaction between the main forms of contraction of the muscular fibers, eccentric and concentric.
In this sense, reference can be made to two different kinds of force manifestations during the movement, which experts in this field have termed as active force and reactive force.
In the first case, the force manifests itself through the shortening of the muscles contracting during a simple cycle of muscular work.
In the second case, there is a double cycle of muscle work that manifests as a stretching-shortening. The elongation accumulates potential energy that becomes kinetic during the phase of concentric contraction.
3 - Maximum force
Also known as brute force, it is given by the preponderance of body mass and refers to the greatest effort that can be implemented during a single maximum muscle contraction.
This means that it will determine the performance in those sports activities in which it is necessary to control or overcome a given resistance, as in weightlifting.
Regarding control, this refers to the fact that the muscular system could be subjected to a static or isometric contraction with demands of maximum or submaximal force.
The latter is represented by an effort that fails to be the maximum and can occur in static and dynamic conditions. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the maximum force.
In addition, this type of force can be combined with another kind of requirement, such as a high speed of contraction or a great demand for resistance. Some sports such as hammer throw, bullet or rowing can serve as an example.
Researchers point out that as the resistance to defeat is less intense, the lower the intervention of maximum force during movement.
Within the maximum dynamic force we have been able to distinguish two additional categories, the maximum concentric force and the maximum eccentric force.
The first one indicates that this maximum possible effort occurs when the resistance can move once or little. The second is to oppose a resistance that moves in the opposite direction of the individual.
Factors that determine maximum strength during training
- The cross-section of muscle or hypertrophy.
- Intermuscular coordination and intramuscular coordination.
- Energy sources for the synthesis of muscle proteins.
4- Explosive force
This concept speaks of the ability of individuals to develop maximal muscle tensions in a short span of time.
Some clear cases of this type of force are the pesistas when they quickly raise a specific weight, the launchers when finishing the movement, the jumpers when they rise or the sprinters when they start. In addition, that responsiveness is critical to athletic performance.
It is also known as force-velocity or power in which you try to apply a force in the shortest possible time.
It implies printing a maximum acceleration to the body as opposed to the resistance, because of this depends the initial velocity generated by that mass. In this sense, there is a close relationship between what is known as speed and power.
This type of reaction will be conditioned by the type of muscle fibers. For this manifestation of force, the action of white, fast or FT fibers is critical.
Unlike red, slow or ST fibers, the former have a high rate of contraction, can generate more force during movement and are well adapted to intense conditions of character Anaerobic .
There is research that makes a distinction between what is explosive strength and rapid force.
For the first, it is established that the non-maximum resistances are exceeded by the power. In relation to the second, an acceleration lower than the maximum is applied to overcome a resistance similar to the previous one. Here also is included the term of slow or pure force.
The elastic elements of the muscular fibers play a preponderant role in the application of the explosive force. The importance given to these components has given rise to the incorporation of other kinds of forces in which the stretch-shortening cycle has a leading role during the movement.
This is how the force arises Plyometric . This is the ability to achieve maximum effort, in the absence of high resistance and given the greatest possible stimulus, as soon as possible and as a function of the energy accumulated during the stretching-shortening phases.
In this category two related sub-classifications have been established, which are as follows:
Explosive-elastic force
It refers to the potential force stored by the muscles when there is a stretch. It becomes kinetic energy at the time of concentric contraction. This implies that the elastic elements of the muscle function like a spring.
Explosive-elastic reactive force
In this case, what happens is a significant reduction of the stretch-shortening cycle that incorporates the effect of restitution of the Myothetic reflex , Which increases the subsequent contraction. This phase should be between 240 and 160 milliseconds to achieve the benefits of the reflex act during the exercise.
5- Strength of resistance
This effort varies depending on the application time and implies the ability of the body to withstand fatigue. This ability to withstand wear during exercise can be short, medium and long lasting.
Such a combination of strength and resistance accurately correlates the intensity of the load with the duration of the effort to determine which of the two is more preponderant.
For the so-called short-duration strength, an attempt is made to overcome the fatigue with respect to intensities exceeding 80% of a maximum repetition.
In this situation, a high muscular tension prevails, the closure of the arterial ways, the lack of oxygenation, the absence of nutrients in the blood and local factors at the moment of the exercise.
Equally, the medium-strength strength allows stresses to be maintained at loads ranging from 20% to 40% of a maximum repetition.
In this scenario, strength-related and force-related abilities will contribute approximately similar value to performance during the training session.
To conclude, the long-lasting strength force involves the execution of a sustained effort at a load below 20% of a maximum repetition. In this training context, aerobic sources related to the generation of energy are essential for the manifestation of local force.
6- Relative and absolute force
Absolute force
Absolute force is the pure sense of expression of force. The preponderant factor is the individual's body weight. The more mass the organism has, the greater the force it can exert on a given resistance.
This is also equivalent to saying that as long as there is more Myofibrils Muscle, the amount of effort generated will be greater.
To be precise, absolute force can be understood as the proportion of force that can be produced by any organism regardless of its body weight.
This is evident if you compare an elephant with an ant. Although the elephant has an absolute strength that far exceeds that of the ant, when you take into account the weight is undoubtedly the ant is stronger.
Relative strength
The relative strength is represented by the proportion of effort as a function of body weight. It manifests itself in athletes as gymnasts, trampolines and jumpers whose levels of relative strength assume a high degree of this kind of effort.
Based on this criterion, categories related to strength have been established, such as weightlifting, wrestling, judo, boxing, etc.
Another important factor is the limiting force, which refers to an amount of effort that can not be obtained voluntarily.
Some researchers state that to achieve this it is necessary to apply extreme psychological conditions, drugs or electrostimulation. For this reason, they are equated with absolute strength.
References
- Macall, Pete (2015). 7 different types of strengths and their benefits. Retrieved from acefitness.org.
- Z., Andy (2014). Concept of strength and types of strength in muscular and sports training. Retrieved from saludis.blogspot.com.
- Martínez, Enrique (2010). The force. Recovered from slideshare.net.
- Rodríguez G., P. L. (undated). Strength, classification and evaluation tests. University of Murcia, Faculty of Education. Recovered from um.es.
- BV Maria College (no date). Force 3 º ESO. Recovered from educacionfisica.colegioirlandesascullera.org.