The Effects of stress
The stress response involves the production of a series of psychophysiological changes in the organism in response to an overdemand situation. Such an answer is adaptive in preparing the person to face emergency situations, in the best way possible.
In spite of this, there are occasions in which the maintenance of this response for long periods, the frequency and the intensity of the same, end up hurting the organism.
Stress can cause various symptoms such as ulcers, increase of certain glands, atrophy of certain tissues, which lead to pathologies.
Today, there is an increasing chance of knowing how emotions and biology interact with each other. An example of this is the abundant research that exists between direct and indirect relationships between stress And disease.
Effects of stress on human health
1- Effects on the cardiovascular system
When a stressful situation occurs a series of changes are generated at the level of the cardiovascular system Such as:
- Increased heart rate.
- Constriction of the main arteries that cause the increase of the blood pressure, mainly occur in those that channel the blood to the digestive tract.
- Constriction of arteries that supply blood to the kidneys and skin, facilitating blood supply to the muscles and brain.
On the other hand, Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone that causes increased water reabsorption) causes the kidneys to slow down the production of urine, leading to a decrease in the elimination of water, resulting in an increase in blood volume and an increase in blood pressure .
If this set of changes occur repeatedly over time, there is a major wear and tear on the cardiovascular system.
To understand the possible damages that occur, it must be taken into account that the circulatory system is like a huge network of blood vessels covered by a layer called the cell wall. This network reaches all the cells and there are bifurcation points in which the blood pressure is greater.
When the vascular wall layer is damaged, and in response to the stress response that is generated, there are substances that are discharged into the bloodstream as free fatty acids, Triglycerides Or cholesterol, which penetrate the vascular wall, adhere to it and consequently thicken and harden it, forming plaques. Thus, stress influences the appearance of the so-called atherosclerotic plaques that are located inside the artery.
This series of changes can cause damage to the heart, brain and kidneys. These damages result in a possible angina pectoris (Pain in the chest produced when the heart does not receive enough blood supply); in a myocardial infarction (Stop or severe alteration of the rhythm of the heart beats by obstruction of the corresponding artery / s); renal insufficiency (Kidney failure); Cerebral thrombosis (obstruction of the flow of some artery that waters part of the brain).
Three examples of stressful phenomena of different nature will be presented below to illustrate the above.
In a 1991 study by Meisel, Kutz and Dayan, the three days of Gulf War missile attacks were compared in the population of Tel Aviv with the same three days of the previous year, and a higher incidence (The triple), of myocardial infarction in the inhabitants.
It is also worth noting this increased incidence in the face of natural disasters. For example, after the earthquake in Northrige in 1994, there was an increase in cases of sudden cardiac death during the six days following the catastrophe.
On the other hand, the number of myocardial infarctions in soccer world championships increases, especially if the games end in penalties. The highest incidence occurs two hours after the matches.
In general, it can be said that the role of stress is to precipitate the demise of people whose cardiovascular system is severely compromised.
2- Effects on the gastrointestinal system
When a person has an ulcer in the stomach, this can be due to infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria, or they present without an infection. In these cases is when we talk about the possible role of stress in diseases, although it is unclear what factors are involved. Several hypotheses are discussed.
The first refers to the fact that when a stressful situation occurs, the body reduces the secretion of gastric acids, and simultaneously reduces the thickening of the walls of the stomach, since, during that period, they do not need to be in Functioning of said acids to produce digestion, is it about?? saving?? Some of the functions of the organism that are not necessary.
After this period of intense overactivation there is a recovery of the production of gastric acids, in particular of the hydrochloric acid . If this cycle of reduction of production and recovery occurs repeatedly, an ulcer can develop in the stomach, which is therefore not so related to the intervention of a stressor, but with that period.
It is also interesting to comment on the sensitivity of the intestine to stress. As an example we can think of a person who before going through an important examination, for example, an opposition, has to go to the bathroom repeatedly. Or, for example, someone who has to present the defense of a thesis before a jury composed of five people who evaluate you, and in the middle of the exhibition feels uncontrollable desires to go to the bathroom.
Thus, it is not strange to allude to the causal relationship between stress and certain intestinal diseases, for example, Bowel syndrome irritable , Consisting of a picture of pain and change in the intestinal habit, causing diarrhea or constipation in the person in situations or stressful conditions. However, current studies report the implication of behavioral aspects in the development of the disease.
3- Effects on the endocrine system
When people are fed, a number of changes are made in the body to assimilate nutrients, store them and transform them into energy. It produces a decomposition of food into simpler elements, which can be assimilated into molecules (amino acids, glucose, free acids??). These elements are stored in the form of proteins, glycogen and triglycerides, thanks to insulin.
When a stressful situation occurs, the body has to mobilize the surplus energy and it does so through the Stress hormones Which cause triglycerides to break down into their simplest elements, such as fatty acids released into the bloodstream; That glycogen is degraded in glucose and that the proteins become amino acids.
Both free fatty acids and excess glucose are released into the bloodstream. In this way, by means of this released energy, the organism can cope with the over-orders of the medium.
On the other hand, when a person experiences stress, there is an inhibition of the secretion of insulin and the Glucocorticoids Make the fat cells less sensitive to insulin. This lack of response is mainly due to the gain of weight in people, which causes the adipose cells, when distended, are less sensitive.
In these two processes, diseases such as cataracts or diabetes .
Cataracts, which translate into a cloud in the lens of the eye that hinders vision, are caused by the accumulation of excess glucose and free fatty acids in the blood, which can not be stored in adipose cells and form plaques Atherosclerotic arteries in the arteries obstructing the blood vessels, or propitiating the accumulation of proteins in the eyes.
Diabetes, is a disease of the endocrine system, the most investigated. It is a common disease in the older population of industrialized societies.
There are two types of diabetes, stress is more influential in type II diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes, in which the problem is that the cells do not respond well to insulin, although it is present in the body.
In this way, it is concluded that chronic stress in a person predisposed to diabetes, who is obese, with an inadequate diet and elderly, is an essential element in the possible development of diabetes.
4- Effects on the immune system
The immune system of people is composed of a set of cells called Lymphocytes Y Monocytes (White blood cells). There are two classes of lymphocytes, T cells and the B cells , Which originate in the bone marrow. Even so, the T cells emigrate to another area, to the thymus, to mature, that is why they receive the name?? T??.
These cells perform functions of attacking infectious agents differently. On the one hand, T cells produce cell-mediated immunity, ie, when a foreign agent enters the body, the monocyte called macrophage recognizes it and alerts it to a helper T cell. Then these cells proliferate exorbitantly and attack the invader.
On the other hand, B cells produce antibody-mediated immunity. Thus, the antibodies they generate recognize the invading agent and bind to it, immobilizing and destroying the foreign substance.
Stress can influence these two processes and it does so in the following way. When stress occurs in a person, the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system Suppresses the immune action, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, upon activation, produces to a high degree glucocorticoids, stopping the formation of new T lymphocytes and diminishing their sensitivity to warning signals, as well as expelling lymphocytes from the Bloodstream and destroying them through a protein that breaks their DNA.
Thus, we conclude that there is an indirect relationship between stress and immune function. The higher the stress, the lower the immune function, and the reverse.
An example can be found in a study by Levav et al in 1988, where they found that the parents of Israeli soldiers killed in the Yom Kippur War showed higher mortality during the mourning period than those observed in the control group . In addition, this increase in mortality occurred to a greater extent in widowed or divorced parents, confirming another aspect studied such as the buffering role of social support networks.
Another much more common example is that of the student that in times of exams, can suffer a diminution of the immune function, getting bad with a cold, flu??
5- Effects on sexuality
A slightly different theme that has been addressed throughout this article is that of sexuality, which of course can also be affected by stress.
Sexual function in men and women may be modified before certain situations experienced as stressors.
In man, given certain stimuli the brain stimulates the release of a releasing hormone called LHRH , Which stimulates the pituitary (Gland that controls the activity of other glands and regulates certain functions of the body, such as development or sexual activity). The pituitary releases the hormone LH and the hormone FSH, producing the release of testosterone and spermatozoa, respectively.
If the man lives a situation of stress, an inhibition occurs in this system. Two other types of hormones are activated; Endorphins and enkephalins, which block the secretion of the hormone LHRH.
In addition, the pituitary secretes Prolactin , Whose function is to decrease the sensitivity of the pituitary to LHRH. Thus, on the one hand, the brain secretes less LHRH, and on the other, the pituitary is protected to respond less to it.
For the most part, the glucocorticoids discussed above block the response of the testes to LH . What is extracted from all this series of changes that occur in the body when there is a situation of stress is that it is prepared to respond to a potentially dangerous situation, leaving aside, of course, having sex.
One aspect that may be more familiar is the lack of erection in man in the face of stress. This response is determined by the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, which causes an increase in the blood supply to the penis, blockage of blood flow through the veins, and filling of blood from the cavernous bodies of the penis. The hardening of this.
Thus, if the person is stressed or anxious, his body is activated, specifically the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, so that the parasympathetic is not functioning, not producing an erection.
As for the woman, the functioning system is very similar, on the one hand, the brain releases LHRH, which in turn secretes LH and FSH into the pituitary. The first activates the synthesis of Estrogens In the ovaries and the second stimulates the release of ova in the ovaries. And on the other, during ovulation, the corpus luteum formed by the hormone LH, releases progesterone , Thus stimulating the walls of the uterus so that if an egg is fertilized, it can be implanted in them and transformed into an embryo.
There are times when such a system fails. On the one hand, the inhibition of the functioning of the reproductive system can occur when there is an increase in the concentration of Androgens In women (since women also have male hormones), and a decrease in estrogen concentration.
On the other hand, the production of glucocorticoids before the stress can produce the decrease of the secretion of the hormones LH, FSH and estrogens, reducing the probability of ovulation.
In addition, the production of Prolactin Increases the reduction of progesterone which in turn interrupts the maturation of the uterine walls.
All this can lead to fertility problems that affect an increasing number of couples, which become a source of stress that exacerbates the problem.
We can also refer to the Dyspareunia Or painful intercourse, and vaginismus, involuntary contraction of the muscles surrounding the opening of the vagina. With respect to vaginismus, it has been observed that possible painful and traumatic experiences of the sexual type of the woman, can provoke a conditioned response of fear of the penetration, that activates the sympathetic nervous system, causing the contraction of the muscles of the vagina.
Dyspareunia, on the other hand, may be related to women's concerns as to whether it will do well, inhibiting the activity of the Parasympathetic nervous system And activating the sympathetic, making relations difficult for a lack of excitation and lubrication.
CONCLUSIONS
Now that all the possible adverse effects that can be caused by stress are known, there are no excuses to think of facing situations in a more adaptive way using, for example, techniques of relaxation or meditation, which have proved very effective.
Bibliography
- Moreno Sánchez, A. (2007). Stress and illness. More Dermatology . Nº1.
- Barnes, V. (2008). The impact of stress reduction on essential hypertension and cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Sport Sciences. Vol. IV, year IV.
- Amigo Vázquez, I., Fernández Rodríguez, C. and Pérez Álvarez, M. (2009 ). Psychological manual of health (3rd edition). Editions pyramid.